Since 1960, U.S. scientist Meyman developed the first ruby ​​laser. With the needs of the world's science and technology and economic development, laser technology has developed rapidly, especially in the last decade, and it has also greatly promoted laser processing technology. More widely used. Compared with ordinary light, laser has four characteristics, namely monochromaticity (single wavelength), coherence, directionality and high light intensity. The laser beam is easy to transmit. Its time characteristics and spatial characteristics can be individually controlled. After focusing, a very small spot can be obtained. A laser beam with a very high power density can melt, gasify any material, and can also be processed in the precision and rapid processing of a local area. The input heat of the workpiece is small in heat affected zone and thermal deformation is small; the processing efficiency is high and it is easy to realize automation. Laser technology is a comprehensive high-tech involved in the disciplines of optics, mechanics, electronics, etc. The same laser processing equipment also involves many disciplines and thus decided Its high-tech and high-yield rate Throughout the years of research and development and improvement of international and domestic laser application field, laser and laser processing technology and equipment have become quite mature to form a series of laser processing technology. In addition, a variety of new laser processing technology is still emerging from the perspective of the actual application ratio of the international scope of laser processing is mainly used for cutting, welding, surface treatment, marking and drilling. 2D and 3D laser cutting accounts for 65% of laser applications Laser welding accounts for about 20% Laser drilling, marking accounts for less than 10% and laser surface treatment includes laser transformation hardening, laser cladding, laser surface alloying and laser surface melting Condensation and so on only accounted for about 5%. From the perspective of the development and application of domestic laser processing technology, more and more users have realized the unique superior performance, high flexibility, and high efficiency of laser processing. At present, laser technology has long been popularized in the aerospace industry, automobile manufacturing industry, switching industry, gear industry, railway locomotive manufacturing industry and metal material processing industry.
First, the characteristics and application of laser cutting
Laser cutting is currently the most widely used laser processing technology in many countries in many foreign fields. For example, laser cutting is used in automobile manufacturing and machine tool manufacturing to process sheet metal parts. As the quality of high-power laser beams is improved, laser cutting is improved. Wide range of processing objects. Almost all metal and non-metal materials are included. For example, r can use lasers to cut three-dimensional parts with complex shapes such as high hardness, high brittleness, and high melting point. This is also the advantage of laser cutting.
The main advantages of the two laser cutting
1. Laser cutting is a non-contact optical thermal processing, known as "the never-wearing universal tool." Workpieces can be placed in any form of tight nesting or nesting, making full use of raw materials. Due to the non-contact processing, there is no deformation of the processed parts.
2. The efficiency of laser cutting is high. Taking a 1 mm thick aluminum alloy plate as an example, the cutting speed can reach 40 m/min. The high efficiency makes the single-piece processing cost decrease geometrically even lower than the traditional processing method.
3. Laser cutting does not require tools and molds. Under the control of the computer, it can directly realize the flexible processing of two-dimensional and three-dimensional arbitrary shapes of board and shell parts. It is especially suitable for the processing of multi-variety and small-batch rice gold parts in the research and development stage of new products. The high cost of mold design and manufacturing costs drastically shorten the production cycle.
4. The laser cutting kerf is usually between 0.15-0.4 mm. Smooth cuts, no burrs, and even direct processing of certain precision transmission spur gear products.
Third, the characteristics and application of laser welding
Laser welding is a high-speed, non-contact, minimally deformed welding method that is ideal for large-scale, continuous in-line machining. With the development of laser equipment and processing technology, laser welding capability is also increasing. Currently, 4 kW lasers are used to weld 1 mm plates with welding speeds of up to 20 m/min, such as the large-vessel splicing work of car bottoms in the automotive industry. There are two types of laser welding: conductive welding and penetration welding. The current global laser application is mainly based on penetration welding. Laser welding is one of the important aspects of the application of LF2700Ha technology in laser material processing lasers.
Fourth, the advantages of laser welding
The earliest company to obtain the title of "National Laser Laboratory" was Wuhan Falilai. The main advantages of its laser welding machine compared with other welding technologies are:
1. The laser welding speed is very high (up to 5-10), and the deformation is small.
2. It is very suitable for the processing of precision parts, box parts and welding parts requiring sealing. After the laser beam is gathered, a small spot can be obtained and it can be precisely positioned. It can be applied to large-volume automated production. Not only the production efficiency is greatly improved, but also the small heat-affected zone's welding spot has no pollution, which greatly improves the welding quality.
3. The mechanical properties of laser welding seams are generally better than that of the parent metal.
4. No shielding or vacuum environment is needed for welding, which is of great significance for industrial scale production.
5, through the laser wire welding and laser powder feeding welding and other new technology, to achieve the application of laser industrialization, and to open up the application of laser welding
6, can weld inaccessible parts, the implementation of non-contact long-distance welding. Especially in recent years, YAG laser processing technology has adopted the optical fiber transmission technology so that the laser welding technology has been more widely promoted and applied.
In short, laser welding has the following advantages: high strength and long life: high welding speed, high efficiency, overlapping interface, simple process, low scrap rate, positioning accuracy, suitable for industrial production, mainly used in military enterprises, food industry, chemical industry, petrochemical industry.
V. Typical applications
1. Application of Heat Exchanger Laser Welding Technology
Laser welding has been widely used in the heat exchanger industry for its high reliability and high efficiency. The products of the heat exchanger industry have the problems of widespread welds, complex structures, and poor working conditions, which restrict the development of products. The successful application of laser welding technology in this industry has not only improved the competitiveness of the product, but also significantly reduced the manufacturing cost and production cycle. Foreign related products have been widely used on a large scale.
2. Application of laser welding in the switch industry
High-voltage SF6 switchgear is a leading product in the high-voltage switch industry. This product requires reliable sealing in natural environments for more than 30 years. Traditional welding methods have to face such problems as low processing efficiency, high cost, and the like for such large box parts not only to face problems such as deformation of the box after machining, and poor airtightness. Modular design of three-dimensional laser processing machine can realize the task of laser welding of switch box with curved surface
Special welding power control options, weld seam tracking system, programmable shielding gas system and laser wire welding device make the welding quality fully meet the requirements of mass industrialization. The adoption of three-dimensional programming software not only greatly increases the efficiency but also reduces the rejection rate to a minimum. Nowadays, the world's leading high-voltage switch manufacturers use TRUMPF's three-dimensional laser processing equipment to cut and weld corresponding parts. For example, Uma-Jiabao, ABB, and Siemens in Europe all use TRUMPF's 3-D equipment for high-voltage SF6. Electric cabinet cutting and welding work. In the near future, domestic users of the switching industry will also conduct such applications.
3, laser welding in gear processing applications
The process of laser welding gears has fundamentally changed the traditional design and manufacturing concepts to provide a better economical ratio for the machining of gearbox components and a more compact structure. The process of using laser welding gears requires that the entire ring-shaped long tooth be machined first. The ring is then cut into several ring gears and welded to the drive shaft in accordance with the requirements of the gear box.
Laser processing technology has been widely used in many fields. With the continuous deepening of laser processing technology, equipment, and process research, it will have a broader application prospect.
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