[Chemical composition] often contains a mixture of SiO2, Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , CaO, and the like.
[Crystal structure] monoclinic system; 
a 0 = 0.888 nm, b 0 = 0.525 nm, c 0 = 0.571 nm, β = 90°; Z = 8. Note: Water manganese ore is β = 90 ° is monoclinic.
[Form] The crystal is often columnar. Elongated along the c-axis, the column mask is clear and vertical. The aggregates are bundled. The twin crystal has (011) as the bonding surface. The sedimentary genesis are mostly cryptocrystalline blocks, and there are also mites or stalactites.
[Physical properties] steel dark gray to black; semi-metallic luster. The cleavage parallel {010} is complete, parallel to {110} and {001} medium. Hardness 3.5 to 4. The relative density is 4.2 to 4.33. Crisp.
[genesis and production] formed in a relatively reducing environment, in the low-temperature hydrothermal veins often clustered with barite and calcite . The manganese ore formed by sedimentation is often in the form of a block or a scorpion, which is a transition product between a tetravalent manganese mineral (pyromanganite) and a divalent manganese mineral (magnesium ore). Manganese ore is unstable under oxidizing conditions and is easily oxidized into pyrolusite.
[Identification features] were initially identified by their crystal form, cylindrical stripes and brown streaks. A reliable distinction from its similar minerals requires identification using differential thermal curves and X-ray powder crystal data.
[Main use] Important ore minerals of manganese.
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