On the ancient bamboo slips, a calculator was written to quickly calculate the multiplication and division within 100 words. The latest research results of Tsinghua University released yesterday released a glimpse of historians and mathematicians. On the same day, the Unearthed Literature Research and Protection Center of Tsinghua University announced that after more than one year's hard work, it has compiled three documents: "Beggar Law," "Beggar", and "Statistics." Among them, the "table" can be regarded as a portable practical calculator, not only can calculate the multiplication, division, but also can be used to calculate the open side. It has been formed for more than 300 years BC. It has a history of more than 2,300 years and is the earliest mathematical calculation tool in China. It also fills the blank of the mathematical literature of the pre-Qin period in China.
Bamboo slips can be counted
The "Abacus" consists of 21 bamboo slips, of which 17 are complete and the remaining 4 are incomplete. They are 43.5 centimeters long to 43.7 centimeters wide, and are only 1.2 centimeters wider than the same batch.
Li Xueqin, director of the Unearthed Literature Research and Protection Center at Tsinghua University, called the bamboo slips a "magnified multiplication table." This table is powerful, not only can quickly calculate integer multiplication within 100, but also can calculate division, and can perform some operations on the score one-half or one-half fraction, multiplication and addition are used in the actual operation. The commutative law, the law of distribution of multiplicative additions, etc., may also be used to calculate the prescribing.
Li Junming, a member of the Tsinghua Jane Research team, said that the "calculus" is a tabular form, and that the table has all three elements: row, column, and cell. The principle is to convert multiplication to addition. The total table has 21 rows and 20 columns, and the rows and columns cross to form 420 long squares, which are divided into three functional areas. One of the functional areas is designed for guiding ropes. Count is in decimal.
With a slightly yellowish, "Abacus" analogous graph slightly larger than A4 paper, Li Junming demonstrated to reporters how the "calculator" is used: Taking multiplication as an example, the top row of numbers in a table represents a group of multiplications. The number, the rightmost row of numbers represents another set of multiplicands. To calculate 22 multiplied by 35, pull the lead rope downwards from the corresponding lead zone at the upper row 20 and 2 and then pull the lead rope from the left side at 30 and 5 to the left. The four ropes cross at 600, The four points 100, 60, and 10 add 770 to the four points, which is the result of the calculation.
The multiplication table has increased by more than 100 years
The "Abacus" Bamboo Jiancheng was late in the middle period of the Warring States period. It has a history of more than 2,300 years. Its discovery has pushed the history of China's multiplication table forward for more than 100 years.
Guo Shuchun, a researcher at the Institute of the History of Natural Sciences at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, pointed out that the "Statistical Table" fills the blank of the pre-Qin mathematics literature in China and is the earliest physical documentary material in China that is currently seen. It is also the earliest practical calculator found. Not only is it older than the ancient decade-determined multiplication tables that are currently available, but also its mathematics and computational capabilities surpass those of the Rieder Jane Jane 99 watch found in previous years and other ancient multiplication tables. It is the history of Chinese mathematics and even the world of mathematics. A major discovery in history.
In Guo Shuchun's view, the appearance of the "Statistical Watch" provides evidence for the view that "Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period was a climax and the first climax of traditional Chinese mathematics", and it made it impossible for domestic and foreign countries to reject the view of ancient Chinese mathematics achievement. Self-breaking.
What makes mathematicians relish is that the “Abacus†can not only draw the calculation results, but also show the calculation process, and it is cleverly designed, easy to carry, and has strong practicality.
"Beggar Law" may take up "Seventeenth Life"
The "Law of Defamation" records a method of dominating the Chu state that prevailed in the Warring States Period. This document was well-preserved, with no obvious defects. Li Xueqin was impressed with it at the time of its initial dissection because it was the only bamboo slip that remained in a rolled state. After further exfoliation, it was found that there was silk on the back, which helped to prevent the bamboo slips from being scattered. According to reports, this is also the only one simple document in Tsinghua University.
The entire text is written in columns, with illustrations and forms that look like a regular script. The essay describes in detail the principles and methods of occupying ç®, and all the å¦ figures are represented by numbers, and are generally two lines of å¦, and the form of numbers 与 and actual occupies in the Chu Sum of Tianxingguan, Baoshan, and Geling. The records are consistent. Researchers analyze that this can also be used as a "key" for future research on digital figures.
The "Law of Defamation" also has a map of the octagonal figures that divide the eight octagon groups. It is the earliest of the "Easy" figures seen so far.
"Proposition" is also a matter for Bu Yao. "Book of Eight" has "Eight Life", and "Law of Defamation" has "Seventeen Commandments". Its proposition classification is more meticulous and richer, and more often than ever Life is linked by actions. Unlike the “Reservation of Tibet†and “Lian Shanâ€, the legend of the Five Emperors Xia Shang and Zhou Dynasties is used as a companion. Moreover, there is an example for each life, which is easy for readers to use.
According to Song Zhenhao, a researcher at the Institute of History Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the “Lan†law is based on the figures of Yizhan, with one, four, five, six, seven, nine, and other six numbers. It also expresses Yangshuo with one, six with haze, and There are similar numbers of Tibetans, and there are two types of dice and hexagrams, which are similar to the “Book of Changes,†but the number of paintings are consistent with those of the skeletons on the oracle bones, but they are not accompanied by stem, kun, and Kan. The nicknames that depart from this category show the characteristics of the early occupation.
In addition, this publication of "Bei Luan" recorded 64 names, which has important reference value for the derivation of the "Xiyi" images, names, serials, and scriptures.
Since 2010, the research results of Tsinghua Jane has been updated almost every year. Li Xueqin revealed that four batches of research results have been announced so far, and it is expected that the entire Tsinghua University organization will publish 13 to 15 batches of research results.
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